High molecular weight poly(methacrylic acid)

ABSTRACT

The invention is generally related to a process for producing a relatively high molecular weight poly(methacrylic acid) (“PMAA”) in a water-based system. The process of the invention comprises polymerization of from about 1% to about 20% by weight of methacrylic acid in water or a water-based system in the presence of thiol compound and an azo radical initiator under controlled reaction and process conditions. A process of the invention can be easily scaled up into the pilot scale for producing large quantities of high molecular weight PMAAs. The invention is also related to high molecular weight poly(methacrylic acid)s obtained according to a process of the invention.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/752,998 filed 27 Jan. 2020, which claims the benefit under35 USC § 119 (e) of U.S. provisional application No. 62/797,555 filed 28Jan. 2019, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present invention generally relates to high molecular weightpoly(methacrylic acid) and process for producing the same.

BACKGROUND

A new class of soft contact lenses, water gradient silicone hydrogelcontact lenses, have been developed and successfully introduced asdaily-disposable contact lenses, DAILIES® TOTAL1® (Alcon) in the market.This new class of silicone hydrogel contact lenses is characterized byhaving a water-gradient structural configuration, an increase from 33%to over 80% water content from core to surface (U.S. Pat. No.8,480,227). This unique design can deliver a highly-lubricious andextremely-soft, water-rich lens surface that in turn provide superiorwearing comfort to patients. Such soft contact lenses can be producedaccording to a cost-effective approach that is described in U.S. Pat.No. 8,529,057 and involves a step of crosslinking and covalentlyattaching of a water-soluble highly-branched hydrophilic polymericmaterial onto lens surfaces to form surface gels.

According to U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,057, contact lenses having awater-gradient structural configuration and a soft, water-rich, andlubricious surface can be produced by forming an anchoring layer (i.e.,base coating) on each contact lens by dipping the contact lenses in acoating solution of a polyanionic polymer and then covalently attachinga water-soluble highly-branched hydrophilic polymeric material onto theanchoring layer directly in a lens package during autoclave. Thewater-soluble highly-branched hydrophilic polymeric material is preparedby partially reacting a polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE) with awetting agent, at various concentration ratio of PAE to the wettingagent and at a reaction temperature for a given reaction time, toachieve a desired lubricity of the surface gels while minimizing oreliminating surface defects (e.g., surface cracking, etc.).

US2016/0326046A1 discloses approaches for reducing water gradientcontact lenses' susceptibility to deposition and accumulation ofpolycationic antimicrobials (e.g., polyhexamethylene biguanide,Polyquaternium-1 (aka PolyQuad®), or the like, which are commonly foundin most multipurpose lens care solutions) by using polymethacrylic acid(PMAA) as polyanionic material for forming a thin PMAA base coating,then doping the PMAA base coating with a low molecular weightpolyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (PAE), and finally covalently attaching awater-soluble highly-branched hydrophilic polymeric material onto thePAE-doped PMAA base coating directly in a lens package during autoclaveto form a crosslinked hydrophilic coating. In order to achieverelatively higher durability of the crosslinked hydrophilic coating,PMAA advantageously has a relatively high molecular weight, e.g., aweight average molecular weight of at least about 400,000 Daltons, forforming a stable base coating.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,983 discloses a process for anionic polymerizationof acrylic and/or methacrylic acid derivatives or their ammonium saltsusing ammonium salts of resonance-stabilized nitrogen anions asinitiators preferably in an aprotic solvent. Polymers prepared in theworking examples of this patent have a relatively low weight averagemolecular weight (Mw), less than 25,000 Daltons.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,310,156 discloses a low molecular weight (meth)acrylicacid polymer (Mw: 3,000 to 15,000 Daltons) obtained by conducting apolymerization reaction using 60 mol % or more of a hydrophilic monomercontaining (meth)acrylic acid and a combination of at least one kind ofpersulfate salts and at least one kind of bisulfite salts as an intiatorseries under conditions that a pH is smaller than 5 and a degree ofneutralization is smaller than 40 mol %.

Therefore, there is still a need for a process for producing highmolecular weight PMAA in a large scale.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in one aspect, provides a process for producing apoly(methacrylic acid) having a weight average molecular weight of atleast about 200,000 Daltons, comprising the steps of: (1) obtaining awater-based polymerization composition which comprises (a) methacrylicacid in an amount of from about 1% to about 20% by weight relative tothe water-based polymerizable composition, (b) at least oneazo-containing radical initiator which has a water solubility of atleast 0.05 gram per 100 g of water at 25±3° C. and a 10-hour half lifetemperature of from about 40° C. to about 90° C., (c) a thiol-containingcompound as a chain-transferring agent, and (d) water, wherein thewater-based polymerizable composition has a pH of from about 3.0 toabout 4.5, wherein the mole ratio of component (a) to component (b) isat least about 800 while the molar ratio of component (b) to component(c) is from about 1 to about 3.0; and (2) polymerizing methacrylic acidin the water-based polymerizable composition at a temperature of fromabout 40° C. to about 90° C. to obtain the poly(methacrylic acid).

The invention, in another aspect, provides a poly(methacrylic acid)having a weight average molecular weight of at least at least about200,000 Daltons (preferably at least about 400,000 Daltons, morepreferably at least about 600,000 Daltons, even more preferably at leastabout 800,000 Daltons), a polydispersity index (PDI) of from about 2.0to about 3.0, and a hydroxyethylthio group at an end terminal.

These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from thefollowing description of the presently preferred embodiments. Thedetailed description is merely illustrative of the invention and doesnot limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appendedclaims and equivalents thereof. As would be obvious to one skilled inthe art, many variations and modifications of the invention may beaffected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novelconcepts of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Generally, the nomenclatureused herein and the laboratory procedures are well known and commonlyemployed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these procedures,such as those provided in the art and various general references. Wherea term is provided in the singular, the inventors also contemplate theplural of that term. The nomenclature used herein and the laboratoryprocedures described below are those well-known and commonly employed inthe art.

“Contact Lens” refers to a structure that can be placed on or within awearer's eye. A contact lens can correct, improve, or alter a user'seyesight, but that need not be the case. A contact lens can be of anyappropriate material known in the art or later developed, and can be asoft lens, a hard lens, or a hybrid lens. A “silicone hydrogel contactlens” refers to a contact lens comprising a silicone hydrogel bulk(core) material. A person skilled in the art knows very well how to makecontact lenses (either non-silicone hydrogel contact lenses or siliconehydrogel contact lenses). For example, contact lenses can be produced ina conventional “spin-casting mold,” as described for example in U.S.Pat. No. 3,408,429, or by the full cast-molding process in a staticform, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,347,198; 5,508,317; 5,583,463;5,789,464; and 5,849,810, or by lathe cutting of buttons as used inmaking customized contact lenses.

A “soft contact lens” refers to a contact lens which has an elasticmodulus (i.e., Young's modulus) of less than 2.5 MPa.

A “hydrogel” or “hydrogel material” refers to a crosslinked polymericmaterial which has three-dimensional polymer networks (i.e., polymermatrix), is insoluble in water, but can hold at least 10 percent byweight of water in its polymer matrix when it is fully hydrated.

A “silicone hydrogel” refers to a silicone-containing hydrogel obtainedby copolymerization of a polymerizable composition comprising at leastone silicone-containing monomer or at least one silicone-containingmacromer or at least one crosslinkable silicone-containing prepolymer.

As used in this application, the term “non-silicone hydrogel” refers toa hydrogel that is theoretically free of silicon.

A “vinylic monomer” refers to a compound that has one sole ethylenicallyunsaturated group, is soluble in a solvent, and can be polymerizedactinically or thermally.

As used in this application, the term “ethylenically unsaturated group”is employed herein in a broad sense and is intended to encompass anygroups containing at least one >C═C<group. Exemplary ethylenicallyunsaturated groups include without limitation (meth)acryloyl

allyl, vinyl, styrenyl, or other C═C containing groups.

The term “(meth)acrylamide” refers to methacrylamide and/or acrylamide.

The term “(meth)acrylate” refers to methacrylate and/or acrylate.

A “hydrophilic vinylic monomer”, as used herein, refers to a vinylicmonomer which as a homopolymer typically yields a polymer that iswater-soluble or can absorb at least 10 percent by weight of water.

A “hydrophobic vinylic monomer”, as used herein, refers to a vinylicmonomer which as a homopolymer typically yields a polymer that isinsoluble in water and can absorb less than 10 percent by weight ofwater.

As used in this application, the term “polymer” means a material formedby polymerizing/crosslinking one or more monomers or macromers orprepolymers or combinations thereof.

As used in this application, the term “molecular weight” of a polymericmaterial (including monomeric or macromeric materials) refers to theweight-average molecular weight unless otherwise specifically noted orunless testing conditions indicate otherwise.

A skilled person knows how to determine the molecular weight of apolymer according to known methods, e.g., GPC (gel permeationchromatography) with one or more of a refractive index detector, alow-angle laser light scattering detector, a multi-angle laser lightscattering (MALLS) detector, a differential viscometry detector, a UVdetector, and an infrared (IR) detector; MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisteddesorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy); ¹H NMR (Protonnuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy, etc.

For example, the number and weight average molecular weights of a highmolecular weight hydrophilic polymer can be determined by GPC/RI(refractive index)/LS (light scattering) method under the followingconditions:

-   Columns: 2× Waters Ultra-Hydrogel Linear 300×7.8 mm column set-   Mobile Phase: 0.2M sodium nitrate and 0.02% (w/w) sodium azide    (aqueous) for multi-angle laser light scattering (MALLS)-   Temperature: 25° C. MALLS-   MALLS Detector: Waters Alliance e-2695 with RI/LS (Wyatt DAWN)-   Flow Rate: 0.5 mL/min (nominal)-   Injection Volume: 0.100 mL-   Standards: poly(ethylene glycol), poly(ethylene oxide),    poly(acrylamide) from American Polymer Standard Corporation;    poly(saccharide) from Polymer Laboratories-   Sample preparation: 90° C. for 30 min in aqueous mobile phase    pre-filtered through 0.45 uM syringe filter (HT Tuffryn membrane,    PALL, PN 4497T) into auto sampler vials

A free radical initiator can be either a photoinitiator or a thermalinitiator. A “photoinitiator” refers to a chemical that initiates freeradical crosslinking/polymerizing reaction by the use of light. A“thermal initiator” refers to a chemical that initiates radicalcrosslinking/polymerizing reaction by the use of heat energy.

A “water-based solution” interchangeably refers to a solution which is ahomogeneous mixture consisting of a water-based solvent and one or moresolutes dissolved in the water-based solvent. A “water-based solvent” isintended to describe a solvent system which consists of at least about60%, (preferably at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 80%,even more preferably at least about 90%, in particular at least about95%) by weight of water and at most 40% (preferably about 30% or less,more preferably about 20% or less, even more preferably about 10% orless, in particular about 5% or less) by weight of one or more organicsolvents relative to the weight of the solvent system.

The invention is generally related to a process for producing arelatively high molecular weight poly(methacrylic acid) (“PMAA”). Theinvention is partly based on the discovery that high molecular weightnon-cross-linked methacrylic acid polymers can be synthesized by aradical polymerization of a water-based polymerizable compositionincluding methacrylic acid and selection and combination of reaction andprocess conditions can allow for the formation of defined high molecularweigh PMAAs. The reaction and process conditions to be selected andcombined include, mercaptoethanol as a chain transfer agent (CTA), anazo-containing initiator, the concentration of vinylic monomer(s) (e.g.,methacrylic acid), the molar ratios of the vinylic monomer to the CTA,the molar ratio of the CTA to the azo-containing initiator, thepolymerization temperature, the pH of the water-based polymerizationcomposition (i.e., the degree of neutralization of methacrylic acid),and the type of cationic ions (e.g., Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺ and K⁺). A process ofthe invention can be easily scaled up into the pilot scale for producinglarge quantities of high molecular weight PMAAs.

The invention, in one aspect, provides a process for producing apoly(methacrylic acid) having a weight average molecular weight of atleast about 200,000 Daltons (preferably at least about 400,000 Daltons,more preferably at least about 600,000 Daltons, even more preferably atleast about 800,000 Daltons), comprising the steps of:

-   -   (1) obtaining a water-based polymerization composition which        comprises        -   (a) methacrylic acid in an amount of from about 1% to about            20% by weight (preferably from about 1.5% to about 15%, more            preferably from about 2% to about 10%, even more preferably            from about 3% to about 8% by weight) relative to the            water-based polymerizable composition,        -   (b) at least one azo-containing radical initiator which has            a water solubility of at least 0.05 gram per 100 g of water            at 25±3° C. and a 10-hour half life temperature Q of from            about 40° C. to about 90° C. (preferably from about 40° C.            to about 80° C., more preferably from about 40° C. to about            70° C., even more preferably from about 40° C. to about 65°            C.),        -   (c) a thiol-containing compound as a chain-transferring            agent, and        -   (d) water,        -   wherein the water-based polymerizable composition has a pH            of from about 3.0 to about 4.5 (preferably from about 3.0 to            about 4.2, more preferably from about 3.0 to about 3.7),        -   wherein the mole ratio of component (a) to component (b) is            at least about 800 (preferably at least about 2000, more            preferably at least about 2500, even more preferably at            least about 3000) while the molar ratio of component (b) to            component (c) is from about 1 to about 3.0 (preferably from            about 1.05 to about 2.5, more preferably from about 1.1 to            about 2.0, even more preferably from about 1.15 to about            1.5); and    -   (2) thermally polymerizing methacrylic acid in the water-based        polymerizable composition at a temperature of from about 40° C.        to about 90° C. (preferably from about 45° C. to about 75° C.,        more preferably from about 45° C. to about 65° C.) to obtain the        poly(methacrylic acid).

In accordance with the invention, the amount of methacrylic acid thewater-based polymerizable composition is selected for producing a highmolecular weight PMAA in a relatively high yield under processconditions for large-scale production. It is found that when theconcentration of methacrylic acid is too high, the molecular weight andyield of obtained PMAAs will be reduced. The polymerizable compositionmay become too viscous for processing.

An azo-containing radical initiator is a free radical initiatorcontaining an azo moiety (*—N═N—*). Any azo-containing radicalinitiators can be used in the invention, so long as it has a watersolubility of at least 0.05 gram per 100 g of water at 25±3° C. and a10-hour half life temperature of from about 40° C. to about 90° C.(preferably from about 40° C. to about 80° C., more preferably fromabout 40° C. to about 70° C., even more preferably from about 40° C. toabout 65° C.). Examples of preferred azo-containing radical initiatorsinclude without limitation VA-044(2,2′-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane]dihydrochloride, having a10-hour half life temperature of 44° C.); VA-061(2,2′-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane], having a 10-hour half lifetemperature of 61° C.); V-50(2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)dihydrochloride, having a 10-hourhalf life temperature of 56° C.); VA-057(2,2′-Azobis[N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-methylpropionamidine]tetrahydrate,having a 10-hour half life temperature of 57° C.); VA-086(2,2′-Azobis[2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide], having a 10-hourhalf life temperature of 86° C.); V-501 (4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovalericacid), having a 10-hour half life temperature 69° C.); V-601 (Dimethyl2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionate), having a 10-hour half life temperatureof 66° C.); and combinations thereof. The azo-containing radicalinitiator preferably is VA-044, VA-061, VA-50, VA-501, or a combinationthereof; more preferably is VA-044, VA-061, VA-50, or a combinationthereof; even more preferably is VA-044 and/or VA-061.

Any suitable thio-containing compounds can be used in the invention, solong as it has a water solubility of at least 0.05 gram per 100 g ofwater at 25±3° C. Examples of preferred thiol-containing compoundsinclude without limitation 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-mercaptopropylamine,3-mercaptopropylamine, 2-mercaptobutylamine, 3-mercaptobutylamine,4-mercaptobutylamine, 1-amino-2-methyl-2-propanethiol hydrochloride,N-methylaminoethanethiol, N-ethylaminoethanethiol,N-methylaminopropanethiol, N-ethylaminopropanethiol,N-methylaminobutanethiol, N-ethylaminobutanethiol,2-(butylamino)ethanethiol, thioglycolic acid, ammonium thioglycolate,thiolactic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid, 2-mercaptoisobutyric acid,2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid, 4-mercaptobutyric acid,6-mercaptohexanoic acid, 2-mercaptoethanol, 1-mercapto-2-propanol,1-thioglycerol, 3-mercapto-1-propanol, 4-mercapto-1-butanol,3-mercapto-1-hexanol, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, cysteine;4-amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid, 3-mercapto-2-(methylamino)propanoicacid, and combinations thereof.

In accordance with the invention, the water-based polymerizablecomposition has a pH of from about 3.0 to about 4.5 (preferably fromabout 3.0 to about 4.2, more preferably from about 3.0 to about 3.7). Itis found that it may be necessary to partially neutralize methacrylicacid for achieving high molecular weights. It is believed that thepartial neutralization of methacrylic acid may effect the chain growthand resultant polymer's solubility.

Because methacrylic acid has a pKa of from 4.3 to 4.6, an aqueoussolution of methacrylic acid would have an acidic pH, e.g., from 2.4 to2.7, depending upon the concentration of methacrylic acid. To achievethe desired pH, a base (e.g., NaOH, NH₄OH, KOH, or combinations thereof)typically needs to be added in the water-based polymerizablecomposition. Preferably, KOH is used to partially neutralize methacrylicacid (i.e., adjusting pH-value of the water-based polymerizablecomposition.

In accordance with the invention, the mole ratio of component (a) (i.e.,methacrylic acid) to component (b) (i.e., the thiol-containing compound)is at least about 800 (preferably at least about 2000, more preferablyat least about 2500, even more preferably at least about 3000) while themolar ratio of component (b) (i.e., the thiol-containing compound) tocomponent (c) (i.e., the azo-containing radical initiator) is from about1 to about 3.0 (preferably from about 1.05 to about 2.5, more preferablyfrom about 1.1 to about 2.0, even more preferably from about 1.15 toabout 1.5).

In accordance with the invention, the polymerization is carried out at atemperature of from about 40° C. to about 90° C. (preferably from about45° C. to about 75° C., more preferably from about 45° C. to about 65°C.).

A water-based polymerizable composition can be prepared by dissolvingall components in water or a water-based solvent system as well known toa person skilled in the art.

Where a water-based solvent system is used in the preparation of awater-based polymerizable composition, one or more water-miscibleorganic solvents can be used in the invention. Examples of preferredwater-miscible organic solvents include without limitation methanol,ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol,1,5-pentanediol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, 2-butoxyethanol,dimethoxyethane, acetone, acetonitrile, methyl ethyl ketone, diethyleneglycol methyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycolmethyl ether acetate, and combinations thereof.

The invention, in another aspect, provides a poly(methacrylic acid)obtained according to a process of the invention, more specifically, apoly(methacrylic acid) having a weight average molecular weight of atleast at least about 400,000 Daltons (preferably at least about 600,000Daltons, more preferably at least about 800,000 Daltons, even morepreferably at least about 1,000,000 Daltons), a polydispersity index(PDI) of from about 2.0 to about 3.0 (preferably from about 2.0 to about2.8, more preferably from about 2.0 to about 2.6), and asubstituted-alkylthio group of —S—R at an end terminal, wherein R is alinear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one or two functionalgroups selected from the group consisting of —OH, —COOH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃,—NHC₂H₅, and combinations thereof.

A high molecular weight poly(methacrylic acid) produced according to amethod of the invention can find particular use in forming a reactivebase coating on contact lenses in a process for producing water gradientcontact lenses as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,529,057.

Although various embodiments of the invention have been described usingspecific terms, devices, and methods, such description is forillustrative purposes only. The words used are words of descriptionrather than of limitation. It is to be understood that changes andvariations may be made by those skilled in the art without departingfrom the spirit or scope of the present invention, which is set forth inthe following claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspectsof the various embodiments may be interchanged either in whole or inpart or can be combined in any manner and/or used together, asillustrated below:

1. A process for producing a poly(methacrylic acid) having a weightaverage molecular weight of at least about 200,000 Daltons, comprisingthe steps of:

-   -   (1) obtaining a water-based polymerization composition which        comprises (a) methacrylic acid in an amount of from about 1% to        about 20% by weight relative to the water-based polymerizable        composition, (b) at least one azo-containing radical initiator        which has a water solubility of at least 0.05 gram per 100 g of        water at 25±3° C. and a 10-hour half life temperature of from        about 40° C. to about 90° C., (c) a thiol-containing compound as        a chain-transferring agent, and (d) water, wherein the        water-based polymerizable composition has a pH of from about 3.0        to about 4.5, wherein the mole ratio of component (a) to        component (b) is at least about 800 while the molar ratio of        component (b) to component (c) is from about 1 to about 3.0; and    -   (2) thermally polymerizing methacrylic acid in the water-based        polymerizable composition at a temperature of from about 40° C.        to about 90° C. to obtain the poly(methacrylic acid).        2. The process of embodiment 1, wherein the poly(methacrylic        acid) has a weight average molecular weight of at least about        400,000 Daltons.        3. The process of embodiment 1, wherein the poly(methacrylic        acid) has a weight average molecular weight of at least about        600,000 Daltons.        4. The process of embodiment 1, wherein the poly(methacrylic        acid) has a weight average molecular weight of at least about        800,000 Daltons.        5. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the        methacrylic acid is present in the water-based polymerizable        composition in an amount of from about 1.5% to about 15%, by        weight relative to the water-based polymerizable composition.        6. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the        methacrylic acid is present in the water-based polymerizable        composition in an amount of from about 2% to about 10% by weight        relative to the water-based polymerizable composition.        7. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the        methacrylic acid is present in the water-based polymerizable        composition in an amount of from about 3% to about 8% by weight        relative to the water-based polymerizable composition.        8. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said at        least one azo-containing radical initiator has a 10-hour half        life temperature of from about 40° C. to about 80° C.        9. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said at        least one azo-containing radical initiator has a 10-hour half        life temperature of from about 40° C. to about 70° C.        10. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein said        at least one azo-containing radical initiator has a 10-hour half        life temperature of from about 40° C. to about 65° C.        11. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the        water-based polymerizable composition has a pH of from about 3.0        to about 4.2.        12. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the        water-based polymerizable composition has a pH of from about 3.0        to about 3.7.        13. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the        mole ratio of component (a) to component (b) is at least about        2000.        14. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the        mole ratio of component (a) to component (b) is at least about        2500.        15. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the        mole ratio of component (a) to component (b) is at least about        3000.        16. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the        molar ratio of component (b) to component (c) is from about 1.05        to about 2.5, more preferably from about 1.1 to about 2.0, even        more preferably from about 1.15 to about 1.5.        17. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the        molar ratio of component (b) to component (c) is from about 1.1        to about 2.0.        18. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the        molar ratio of component (b) to component (c) is from about 1.15        to about 1.5.        19. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the        step of thermally polymerizing is carried out at a temperature        of from about 40° C. to about 80° C.        20. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the        step of thermally polymerizing is carried out at a temperature        of from about 40° C. to about 70° C.        21. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the        step of thermally polymerizing is carried out at a temperature        of from about 40° C. to about 65° C.        22. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the        thio-containing compound is selected from the group consisting        of 2-mercaptoethylamine, 2-mercaptopropylamine,        3-mercaptopropylamine, 2-mercaptobutylamine,        3-mercaptobutylamine, 4-mercaptobutylamine,        1-amino-2-methyl-2-propanethiol hydrochloride,        N-methylaminoethanethiol, N-ethylaminoethanethiol,        N-methylaminopropanethiol, N-ethylaminopropanethiol,        N-methylaminobutanethiol, N-ethylaminobutanethiol,        2-(butylamino)ethanethiol, thioglycolic acid, ammonium        thioglycolate, thiolactic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid,        2-mercaptoisobutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid,        4-mercaptobutyric acid, 6-mercaptohexanoic acid,        2-mercaptoethanol, 1-mercapto-2-propanol, 1-thioglycerol,        3-mercapto-1-propanol, 4-mercapto-1-butanol,        3-mercapto-1-hexanol, 4-mercapto-4-methylpentan-2-ol, cysteine;        4-amino-5-mercapto-pentanoic acid,        3-mercapto-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid, and combinations        thereof.        23. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the        thio-containing compound is 2-mercaptoethylamine.        24. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the        pH is achieved by adding a base selected from the group        consisting of NaOH, NH₄OH, KOH, and combinations thereof.        25. The process of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the        pH is achieved by adding KOH.        26. A poly(methacrylic acid) obtained according to a process of        any one of embodiments 1 to 25.        27. A poly(methacrylic acid), having: a weight average molecular        weight of at least about 400,000 Daltons, a polydispersity index        (PDI) of from about 2.0 to about 3.0, and a        substituted-alkylthio group of —S—R at an end terminal, wherein        R is a linear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one or        two functional groups selected from the group consisting of —OH,        —COOH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —NHC₂H₅, and combinations thereof.        28. The poly(methacrylic acid) of embodiment 27, wherein the        pol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of        at least at least about 600,000 Daltons.        29. The poly(methacrylic acid) of embodiment 27, wherein the        pol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of        at least at least about 800,000 Daltons.        30. The poly(methacrylic acid) of embodiment 27, wherein the        pol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of        at least at least about 1,000,000 Daltons.        31. The poly(methacrylic acid) of any one of embodiments 27 to        30, wherein the pol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of        from about 2.0 to about 2.8.        32. The poly(methacrylic acid) of any one of embodiments 27 to        30, wherein the pol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of        from about 2.0 to about 2.6.

The previous disclosure will enable one having ordinary skill in the artto practice the invention. Various modifications, variations, andcombinations can be made to the various embodiment described herein. Inorder to better enable the reader to understand specific embodiments andthe advantages thereof, reference to the following examples issuggested. It is intended that the specification and examples beconsidered as exemplary.

Example 1

In first step methacrylic acid was polymerized using 2-mercaptoethanolas CTA and VA-044 as radical initiator to obtain poly(methacrylic acid)according to the scheme shown below.

The synthesis was carried out as follows. 1000 g meth acrylic acid, anamount (specified in Table 1) of 2-mercaptoethanol were added into a 20L double jacket reactor and dissolved in a specified amount (Table 1) ofwater. 200 g of 25 wt % potassium hydroxide solution were added toadjust the pH to 3.5. The oxygen was removed by purging the solutionwith nitrogen for 2 h. Afterwards the solution was heated to 50° C.Reaching the target temperature, the synthesis was started by adding aspecified amount (Table 1) of initiator(2,2′-Azobis[2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl) propane] dihydrochloride, VA-044).The solution was stirred overnight (at least about 18 hours). To stopthe polymerization, the solution was cooled to room temperature.

For removal of residuals, the solution was diluted to 3% total solidsand transferred to an ultrafiltration device. The ultrafiltration wasperformed with a 10 kDa cellulose based membrane. Solution was exchangedin total 14× with di water. During first 6 exchanges the pH wasmaintained at 3.0 by periodic addition of 10 wt % sulfuric acid. TheGPC-MALS analysis of the gathered polymer. The results are reported inTable 1.

TABLE 1 Synthesis # Component 1-1 1-2 1-3 MAA (g) 1000.00 1000.001000.00 βME (g) 0.23 0.19 0.29 VA-044 (g) 0.78 0.65 0.99 Water (g)19019.18 19015.87 19024.22 25 wt % KOH aq. sol. (g) 200.00 200.00 200.00[MAA] (wt %) 5 5 5 [MAA]/[βME] mol/mol 3947 4778 3130 [βME]/[VA-044]mol/mol 1.2201 1.2093 1.2123 Mn (kDa) 605 907 510 Mw (kDa) 1432 19701156 PDI (Mw/Mn) 2.37 2.17 2.26

Example 2

Several batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 2 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1, except that the polymerization temperature isabout 90° C. The resultant polymers are purified by ultrafiltration asdescribed in Example 1. The results are reported in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Synthesis # Components 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 MAA g 8.013.0 8.0 13.0 8.0 13.0 8.0 13.0 βME g 0.012 0.012 0.012 VA-086 g 0.0330.054 0.022 0.036 0.022 0.036 0.022 0.036 Water g 790 243 789 243 789243 789 243 [MAA]/[βME] mol/mol 1000 1000 1000 [MAA]/[VA-086] mol/mol800 800 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 [βME]/[VA-086] mol/mol 0 0 0 1.2 01.2 0 1.2 [MAA] wt % 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 pH 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.4 3.0* 3.0* 9* 9*Mn (kD) 188 291 201 305 187 116 91 Mw (kD) 605 918 579 884 526 539 209PDI (Mw/Mn) 3.21 3.15 2.88 2.90 2.81 4.65 2.3 *pH of the polymerizablecomposition was adjusted with NaOH.

Example 3

Several batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 3 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1, except that the polymerization temperature islisted in Table 3. The resultant polymers are purified byultrafiltration as described in Example 1. The results are reported inTable 3.

TABLE 3 Synthesis # Components 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 MAA (g) 15.0 15.015.0 30.0 15.0 βME (g) 0.014 0.007 0.014 0.027 0.014 VA-086 (g) 0.0210.021 0.042 0.084 VA-061 (g) 0.036 Water (g) 285 285 135 120 285[MAA]/[βME] (mol/mol) 1000 1200 1000 1000 1000 [βME]/[RI] (mol/mol) 2.41.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 [MAA] (wt %) 5 5 10 20 5 p.s. RI stands for radicalinitiator. pH 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Polymerization T (° C.) 90 90 90 90 50p.s., pH of the polymerizable composition was adjusted with NaOH. Mn(kD) 194 293 180 331 204 Mw (kD) 516 775 454 543 660 PDI (Mw/Mn) 2.662.65 2.52 1.64 3.24 Yield (%) 86 87 86 52 93

Example 4

Several batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition (not water-based) listed in Table 4 according to theprocedure similar to what is described in Example 1, except that thepolymerization temperature is listed in Table 4. The resultant polymersare purified by ultrafiltration as described in Example 1. The resultsare reported in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Synthesis # Components 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 MAA (g) 15.0 15.015.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 βME (g) 0.0140 0.0140 V-601 (g) 0.0334 0.0334 0.0334VA-061 (g) 0.0364 0.0364 0.0364 Ethyl Acetate (g) 286 Methanol (g) 286286 Ethanol (g) 286 286 286 [MAA]/[βME] (mol/mol) 1000 1000 [βME]/[RI](mol/mol) 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.2 [MAA] (wt %) 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.99 4.98Polymerization T (° C.) 70 64 70 64 70 70 Mn (kD) 60 50 21 23 21 Mw (kD)146 123 80 110 76 PDI (Mw/Mn) 2.43 2.46 3.81 4.78 3.62 Yield (%) 79 5035 30 29 30 p.s RI stands for radical initiator.

Example 5

Three batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 5 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1, except that the polymerization temperature isabout 68° C. The resultant polymers are purified by ultrafiltration asdescribed in Example 1. The results are reported in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Synthesis # Components 5-1 5-2 5-3 MAA (g) 15.0 30.0 15.0 VA-061(g) 0.0363 0.0727 0.0091 Ethanol (g) 135 120 135 [MAA]/[VA-061](mol/mol) 1200 1200 4800 [MAA] (wt %) 9.98 19.95 9.99 Mn (kD) 88 141 132Mw (kD) 169 293 253 PDI (Mw/Mn) 1.92 2.08 1.92 Yield (%) 43 50 22

Example 6

Three batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 6 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1. The resultant polymers are purified byultrafiltration as described in Example 1. The results are reported inTable 6.

TABLE 6 Synthesis # Components 6-1 6-2 6-3 MAA (g) 15.0 15.0 15.0 βME(g) 0.0030 0.0030 0.0030 VA-061 (g) 0.0091 0.0091 0.0091 Water (g) 270.7271 272 Base for adjusting pH 14.3 (NaOH) 13.8 (NH₃) 13.26 (KOH)[MAA]/[βME] (mol/mol) 4000 4000 4000 [βME]/[RI] (mol/mol) 1.2 1.2 1.2[MAA] (wt %) 5 5 5 pH 3.5 3.5 3.5 Mn (kD) 603 733 743 Mw (kD) 1568 18861904 PDI (Mw/Mn) 2.60 2.57 2.56 Yield (%) 97 96 95

Example 7

Three batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 7 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1, to study the effects of the geometry ofstirring means. The resultant polymers are purified by ultrafiltrationas described in Example 1. The results are reported in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Synthesis # Components 7-1 7-2 7-3 MAA (g) 500.0 500.0 500.0 βME(g) 0.1130 0.1130 0.0030 VA-061 (g) 0.3029 0.3029 0.3029 Water (g)9507.0 9507.0 9507.0 [MAA]/[βME] (mol/mol) 4000 4000 4000 [βME]/[RI](mol/mol) 1.2 1.2 1.2 [MAA] (wt %) 5 5 5 pH* 3.5 3.5 3.5 StirringGeormetry Propeller Propeller Anchor agitator agitator agitator withflow breaker Mn (kD) 646 771 714 Mw (kD) 1479 1572 1703 PDI (Mw/Mn) 2.292.04 2.39 Yield (%) 76 87 *The pH of the polymerizable composition wasadjusted with NaOH.

Example 8

Three batches of PMAAs were prepared by polymerizing a polymerizablecomposition listed in Table 8 according to the procedure similar to whatis described in Example 1. The resultant polymers are purified byultrafiltration as described in Example 1.

TABLE 8 Synthesis # Components 8-1 8-2 8-3 MAA (g) 15.0 15.0 15.0 βME(g) 0.0068 0.0034 0.0017 VA-061 (g) 0.0182 0.0091 0.0045 Water (g) 285.0285.0 285.0 [MAA]/[βME] (mol/mol) 2000 4000 6000 [βME]/[RI] (mol/mol)1.2 1.2 1.2 [MAA] (wt %) 5 5 5 pH* 3.5 3.5 3.5 *The pH of thepolymerizable composition was adjusted with NaOH.

All the publications, patents, and patent application publications,which have been cited herein above in this application, are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

What is claimed is:
 1. A poly(methacrylic acid), having: a weightaverage molecular weight of at least 400,000 Daltons, a polydispersityindex (PDI) of from about 2.0 to about 3.0, and a substituted-alkylthiogroup of —S—R at an end terminal, wherein R is a linear or branchedC₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one or two functional groups selected fromthe group consisting of —OH, —COOH, —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —NHC₂H₅, andcombinations thereof.
 2. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1, whereinthe pol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of atleast about 600,000 Daltons.
 3. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 2,wherein the pol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0to about 2.8.
 4. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 2, wherein thepol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0 to about2.6.
 5. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1, wherein thepol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of at leastabout 800,000 Daltons.
 6. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 5, whereinthe pol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0 toabout 2.8.
 7. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 5, wherein thepol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0 to about2.6.
 8. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1, wherein thepol(methacrylic acid) has a weight average molecular weight of at leastabout 1,000,000 Daltons.
 9. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 8,wherein the pol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0to about 2.8.
 10. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 8, wherein thepol(methacrylic acid) has a polydispersity of from about 2.0 to about2.6.
 11. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1, wherein R is a linear orbranched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one or two functional groups whichare —OH.
 12. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1, wherein R is alinear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one or two functionalgroups which are —COOH.
 13. The poly(methacrylic acid) of claim 1,wherein R is a linear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group including one ortwo functional groups which are —NH₂.
 14. The poly(methacrylic acid) ofclaim 1, wherein R is a linear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl group includingone or two functional groups which are —NHCH₃.
 15. The poly(methacrylicacid) of claim 1, wherein R is a linear or branched C₂-C₁₀-alkyl groupincluding one or two functional groups which are —NHC₂H₅.